01 julio 2008

Inotropicos

Son agentes que aumentan la fuerza de contracción miocárdica, produciendo aumento del volumen minuto cardíaco, esto viene a tener gran impacto en la hemodinamia, de ahí la importancia monitorizar permanentemente al paciente.
Características de los fármacos vasoactivos:

•Son inotrópicos positivos (aumentan la fuerza de contracción miocárdica)
•Cronotrópicos positivos (aumentan la frecuencia cardiaca).
•Vasoconstrictoras
• Aumentan el gasto cardíaco
•Aumentan la presión arterial


CLASIFICACIÓN DE LOS AGENTES INOTRÓPICOS POSITIVOS

1. AMINAS SIMPATICOMIMÉTICAS
2. INHIBIDORES DE FOSFODIESTERASA III (INFD)
3. DROGAS CALCIO-SENSIBILIZADORAS
4. CALCIO
5. DIGITÁLICOS
6. HORMONA TIROIDEA
7. SOLUCIÓN POLARIZANTE


1.1. AMINAS SIMPATICOMIMÉTAS
A. Catecolamina B. No catecolaminas

De las catecolamina encontramos:
1. Adrenalina
2. Nor-adrenalina
3. Dobutamina
4. Dopamina
5. Isoproterenol

Como representantes de las no catecolamina tenemos:
1. Efedrina
2. Neosinefrina
3. Metaraminol
4. Fenilefrina
5. Metoxamina

1. Aumentan el consumo de oxígeno del miocardio.
2. Son dosis dependiente.
3. Vida media corta, solo minutos.
4. Necesita bomba de infusión continua (BIC) para su administración.
5. Se deben administrar diluidas (excepto la digoxina que se administra vía oral y la adrenalina que en maniobras de reanimación cardiopulmonar se puede diluir en solución fisiológica hasta completar 10 cc y ser instilada por tubo oro traqueal seguida de ambuceo vigoroso).
6. Se deben administrar por vía central,ya que administradas por vía periférica producen flebitis y necrosis del tejido.
7. No mezclar con otros fármacos,ya que algunos pueden inhibir su acción o bien potenciarla.
8. Requiere vigilancia estricta de la tensión arterial y la frecuencia cardiaca.

Descripción de las catecolamina más comúnmente usadas o drogas vasoactivas:

ADRENALINA:
Presentación: ampolla de 1 mg de clorhidrato de adrenalina en 1ml de solución.
Indicaciones: Tratamiento del shock en bradicardia extrema o PCR, en hipotensión arterial,en reacciones anafilácticas, broncodilatador (inhalación).
Efectos: aumenta la frecuencia cardiaca el gasto cardíaco y la perfusión coronaria durante la RCP.
Efectos adversos: palpitaciones, arritmias cardíacas, nerviosismo, nauseas.
Dosis elevadas produce isquemia distal.
Dilución estándar: En BIC: 1mg del medicamento en 250 cc S. fisiológico 0,9% o S. glucosado 5%.
Puede administrarse en bolo directamente o diluída en 10 cc solución fisiológica al 0.9% por TOT.

NOR - ADRENALINA:

Presentación: ampolla de 4 mg. en 4 ml.
Indicaciones: potente vasoconstrictor periférico, recomendado en el tratamiento de la hipotensión arterial intensa con baja resistencia periférica total.
Efectos: causa un acentuado aumento de las resistencias periféricas y por tanto, aumenta la presión arterial sistólica, diastólica y media. Los reflejos vagales compensadores pueden disminuir la frecuencia cardiaca, sin ningún cambio o disminución real del gasto cardiaco.
Efectos adversos: arritmias cardíacas, necrosis tubular aguda gangrena de las extremidades.
Disolución estándar: Una ampolla de 4 mg en 250 ml. de solución fisiológica al 0,9 %, glucosado al 5% o Ringer.
Precauciones: Se debe administrar en BIC.

DOBUTAMINA

Presentación: 250 mg. de clorhidrato de dobutamina en 10 ml. de disolvente.
Disolución estándar: 250 mg del medicamento en 250 ml. de solución fisiológica o solución glucosado al 5%.
Efectos: aumenta la fuerza de contracción del miocardio y reduce la presión de llenado del ventrículo izquierdo, aliviando la pre-carga.
Efectos adversos: nauseas, vómitos, vasoconstricción periférica, taquicardia, hipertensión arterial, palpitaciones, dolor anginoso, cefaleas y disnea.
Indicaciones: se utiliza en el tratamiento a corto plazo de la descompensación cardiaca y como coadyuvante en cirugía cardiaca, Infarto Agudo de Miocardio, y falla cardiaca asociado a cardiopatía o shock séptico.
Precauciones: no mezclar con bicarbonato, heparina, penicilina, ni cefalosporinas, administrar por BIC.

DOPAMINA
Presentación: ampolla de 200 mg en 5 cc.
Disolución estándar: 400 mg del medicamento en 250 ml. de solución glucosada al 5% o solución fisiológica al 0,9 %.
Efectos: incrementa el gasto cardiaco, presión arterial, diuresis y frecuencia cardiaca

DOSIS BAJAS: de 0.5 a 2 µg/Kg/min, incrementa la diuresis.
DOSIS MEDIA: de 2 a 10 µg/Kg/min. incrementa la contractilidad miocárdica.
DOSIS ALTA: > 10 µg/Kg/min. produce vasoconstricción de las arteriolas y de las venas, incrementando la presión arterial. y la resistencia vascular sistémica.
Indicaciones: tratamiento de la hipotensión arterial, después de que se haya completado la reposición de volumen. A corto plazo como tratamiento de la Insuficiencia Cardiaca Congestiva Grave que no responde a digitalices. A dosis bajas, para incrementar la perfusión renal. Contraindicaciones: dado su efecto sobre la frecuencia cardiaca. y la presión arterial, no debe administrarse a pacientes con taquiarritmias, fibrilación ventricular.
Precauciones: debe administrarse sólo por vía central, ya que de extravasarse puede causar irritación y necrosis en torno al punto de punción. En caso de administrarse por vía periférica, debemos controlar la permeabilidad de la vía y valorar la perfusión hística controlando la temperatura, color y grado de sensibilidad. Se debe administrar por BIC, requiere vigilancia estricta.

ISOPROTENOL

Presentación: Ampollas de 1mg en 5 ml
Disolución estándar: 1 amp del medicamento diluida en 250 ml de solución fisiológica al 0,9% o solución glucosada al 5%.
Efectos: Aumenta la frecuencia y la fuerza de contracción del músculo cardiaco, relaja el músculo liso de los bronquios, por lo que suele utilizarse como tratamiento alternativo de los broncodilatadores usuales. Aumenta la presión arterial, incrementando el gasto cardiaco y disminuyendo la resistencia periférica.
Efectos adversos: produce taquicardia, en ningún caso debe usarse en enfermos con intoxicación digitálica; rubor facial; sudoración; utilizado simultáneamente con adrenalina pueden producirse arritmias graves; aumenta significativamente la demanda de oxígeno del miocardio.
Indicaciones: control temporal de una bradicardia severa que no cede con atropina y bloqueos cardiacos extremos resistentes a la atropina.
Administración: intravenosa exclusivamente. Requiere vigilancia estricta.


2.2.- INHIBIDORES DE FOSFODIESTERASA III (INFD)
Tienen acción inotrópica y vasodilatadora, su efecto se realiza a través de la inhibición de la enzima fosfodiesterasa III, encargada de la degradación del AMPc.

• Amrinona
• Milrinona


3.3.- DROGAS CALCIO-SENSIBILIZADORAS
Actúan sobre las proteínas contráctiles aumentando la afinidad de los miofilamentos por el calcio.
•1.Pimobendan
•2.Levosimendan
•3.Sulmazole
•4.Simendan


4.4.- CALCIO
El calcio influye sobre los mecanismos de contracción de la célula cardiaca y sobre el tono de la vascular periférica, se observa vasoconstricción periférica que de forma temporal y efímera incrementa los niveles de presión arterial y durante períodos muy cortos (de unos pocos minutos) puede presentar incrementos en el gasto cardiaco.


FORMULAS para el cálculos de las drogas vaso activas
Antes de iniciar el calculo de la dosis se debe considerar algunos aspectos que me parecen relevantes, primero hay que conocer las indicaciones del medicamento a administrar, sus efectos colaterales, su presentación y cual es su preparación estándar, recién con esos antecedentes esclarecidos estaremos en condiciones de iniciar nuestros cálculos.

Para calcular la dosis de dopamina y dobutamina a administrar por bomba de infusión continua, es necesario seguir los siguientes pasos:

1° paso: calcular la concentración del medicamento, para efectos prácticos designaremos con el símbolo: [ ] = gamas/ml ó concentración.


[ ] = (mg medicamento x 1000)/Solución


Ejemplo:
1) Tiene 250 cc solución glucosada al 5% con 400 mg dopamina.
Calcular la concentración.

[ ] = mg del medicamento x 1000 /Volumen de la solución

[ ] = (400 mg dopamina x 1000)/250 CC S. glucosada

[ ] = 1,6x 1000

[ ] = 1.600 gamas/ml2° paso: Ahora, calcular los ml/hr a administrar por la bomba de infusión continua a partir de las gamas indicada por el médico.

Continuando con el ejercicio anterior:

- 250 cc solución glucosada al 5% contienen 400 mg dopamina. Peso de paciente 70 Kg.
Calcular a cuantos ml/hr corresponden 4 gamas de dopamina. Para ello necesitamos la siguiente fórmula.

ml/hr = (gamas x peso x 60) /[ ]
Siguiendo con el ejemplo anterior tenemos los siguientes datos:

[ ] = 1.600 gamas/ml
Gamas = 4
Peso =70 KG (este siempre estará expresado en Kg).
Reemplazamos la fórmula con los datos que ya tenemos, por lo tanto, la formula nos queda de la siguiente manera.

ml/hr = (4 x 70 x 60)/ 1600

ml/hr =16800/1600

ml/hr = 10,5 ml/hr, es decir, las 4 gamas de dopamina se deberán administrar a una velocidad de 11 ml por hora.

A demás de calcular los ml/hr, podemos a partir de algunos datos, determinar el valor de las gamas. Para ello necesitamos la siguiente fórmula:


Gamas = (ml/hr x [ ])/ Peso/60
Continuamos con el ejercicio que ya conocemos.

- 250 cc solución glucosada al 5% contienen 400 mg dopamina. Peso de paciente 70 Kg.
Ahora determinaremos el valor de las gamas conociendo el valor de los ml/hr. Para ello reemplazamos los datos de la fórmula, a partir de aquellos que ya conocemos.

Valores conocidos:
Ml/hr = 11 ml/hr
[ ] = 1600 gamas/ml
Peso = 70 kg

1) Gamas = (11 X 1600)/ 70/ 60

2) Gamas = 17600/70/ 60

3) Gamas = 251,4285/ 60
4) Gamas = 4,19, es decir, 4 gamas.


EJERCICIOS
a) 250 cc solución glucosada al 5% con 400 mg dopamina, peso 75 kg
Calcular los ml/hr correspondientes a las siguientes gamas.
2 gamas = (R:5 ml/hr)
12 gamas= (R:34 ml/hr)

b) 250 cc solución glucosada con 500 mg dobutamina, peso 70 Kg.
Calcular los ml/hr correspondientes a las siguientes gamas.
6 gamas = (R:13 ml/hr)
12 gamas = (R:25 ml/hr)

c) 500 cc s. fisiológica con 800 mg dopamina a 24 ml/hr,peso 75 kg
Calcular las gamas.
(R:9 gamas)

d) 500 cc s. fisiológica con 250 mg dobutamina a 20 ml/hr,peso 75 kg
Calcular las gamas. (R:2 gamas)

e) 250 cc s. glucosada con 500 mg dobutamina a 20 ml/hr, peso 75 kg
Calcular las gamas. (R: 9 gamas)
Hay algunos medicamentos en que no es posible aplicar la formula anterior, es el caso del isoproterenol y la noradrenalina.Aquí se aplica la siguiente formula:

Ml/hr = gamas x 60 min/[ ]

Como se observa, aquí no usaremos el peso del paciente.
Ejemplo:
Tenemos 500 cc de solución fisiológica a la que agregamos 1 mg de isoproterenol. Calcular a cuantos ml/hr corresponden 2 gamas/min.
A partir de esto determinamos la [ ] que es 2. Ahora reemplazamos los datos de nuestra fórmula:

Ml/hr= (2 x 60 min)/2
Ml/hr = 120/2Ml/hr= 60 ml /hr


EJERCICIOS

a) 500 cc Solución fisiológica 0,9 % con 4 mg de nor epinefrina.
1 gama/min = (R:8 ml/hr)
5 gamas/min =(R: 38 ml/hr)

b) 250 cc solución glucosada al 5% con 2 mg isoproterenol.
3 gamas/min = (R:45 ml/hr)
4 gamas/min = (R: 60 ml/hr)


Espero que este sencillo apunte les sirva para esclarecer sus dudas.

62 comentarios:

Anónimo dijo...

me parece que resultaunpoco complicado realizar estos calculosen gamas, no es màsfàcilrealizarlo en mcg/kg/min?

M. Eugenia Soto Yeber dijo...

pues.. talvez. pero yo los hago de esta manera porque me resulta mas fácil. pero si para ti es mejor en mcg/kg/min puedes seguir haciendolo de esa manera

Unknown dijo...

Sra maria eugenia, ud fue a hacernos una clase a la U de este tema, como un favor para la sra flor, encontre que nos explico muy bien el tema.
Bueno aunque no corresponde con este tema me gustaria que pudiera subir algo sobre los cuidados paliativos en pacientes terminales, aunque quizas esa no es su área pero me intereza conocer sobre esto ya que mi tesis esta orientada a este tema y me gustaria tener el conocimiento y la opinion de una enfermera activa que trabaje en el HCHM.
ATTE
Natalia V
Estudiante de 4to Enfermeria ULARE

M. Eugenia Soto Yeber dijo...

Hola Natalia, gracias por tus palabras....en relación a la inquietud que me planteas tu estás en lo cierto, no es mi área, y no tengo material para prestarte, pero en la red puedes encontrar enlaces que te pueden servir; aqui te dejo uno que me gusta mucho: http://artemorir.homestead.com,allí hay otros enlaces para linkear.
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http://www.enferpro.com.-
Bueno lamento no poder ayudarte lo suficiente.

-suerte en tu proyecto

Anónimo dijo...

Muchas gracias señora. De donde es usted. Soy médico en argentina y me llamó la atención, por eso entré. La felicito. Y le aclaro a la persona que escribió de mcg que son formas distintas de trabajar, con gamas hay una tabla en la cual mas o menos uno sabe que es lo que se espera que le pase al organismo con tantas gamas (aunque se definió que con la dopa no es tan así), pero se sigue usando esto. Y con mcg se debe titular para cada paciente la acción deseada. Felicitaciones. Germán Arrieta

M. Eugenia Soto Yeber dijo...

Gracias Dr. Arrieta, por su comentario y aclaración; le cuento que soy enfermera y trabajo en una UCI de adultos en el Hospital de la ciudad de Chillán, Chile.

Saludos.

Anónimo dijo...

Saludos Profesora, tengo el gusto de leer su mensaje y claramente esta interesante

ademas agrego como dato

otros medicamentos que seria bueno mencionar
dobutamina
heparina
nitroglicerina

amm y esperamos con animo la otra parte del tema
5. DIGITÁLICOS
6. HORMONA TIROIDEA
7. SOLUCIÓN POLARIZANTE

un lector y estudiante de Enfermeria :)

Pablo "JamesVennamun" Magno dijo...

Hola Eugenia, estoy estudiando para Aux de Enfermeria, en la Cruz Roja (San Isidro - BS AS) y encontre tu blog buscando las drogas que se utilizan en el carro de paros... Tu Blog me parecio tan interesante que me tome la libertad de añadir tu link en el mio.

Saludos Cordiales.

Pablo.

M. Eugenia Soto Yeber dijo...

Gracias Pablo por tomarte la molestia; lamentablemente por problemas de tiempo no he podido subir más temas, espero
solucionar esto prontamente.

Saludos.

Anónimo dijo...

gracias! me ha aydado mucho!

edloy dijo...
Este comentario ha sido eliminado por el autor.
M. Eugenia Soto Yeber dijo...

Hola Edloy, asi efectivamente, se puede usar indistintamente en gamas o mcg, como dice mas arriba Germán Arrieta "son formas distintas de trabajar, con gamas hay una tabla en la cual mas o menos uno sabe que es lo que se espera que le pase al organismo con tantas gamas... y con mcg se debe titular para cada paciente la acción deseada "

Saludos

coco ordaz dijo...

Gracias por la información maestra, solo quisiera saber si es posible que incluya la tabla de equivalencias de gammas a mililitros para la Dopamina, la Dobutamina y Norepinefrina.
Coco Ordaz Mëxico

M. Eugenia Soto Yeber dijo...

Hola Coco, no tengo claro a què te refieres, ya que en la explicacion y los ejercicios sale cómo hacer el cálculo de gamas y cómo hacer el cambio a ml/hora teniendo algunos datos básicos. Al trabajar con drogas vasoactivas no es posible usar una tabla , ya que esto variará de acuerdo al peso del paciente, a excepción de algunas drogas, como el isoproterenol entre otros-

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